Quantitative Adjective

Adjective of Quantity (or) Quantitative Adjective :


Adjective which show the quantity of a thing is called the Adjective of Quantity.


Examples :

1.      She ate the whole apple.

2.      You have no sense.

3.      There was no milk in the jug.

4.      There is enough water in the canal.

5.      He spent all his money.

6.      I ate some rice.

7.      He has a little knowledge.

8.      He lost all his wealth.

http://www.english-for-students.com/Quantitative-Adjective.html

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns (This/That/These/Those)

The demonstrative adjectives this/that/these/those, which may also be pronouns, tell us where an object is located and how many objects there are.

This and that are used to point to one object. This points to something nearby, while that points to something “over there.”
Examples:	This dog is mine. This is mine. That dog is hers. That is hers.
These and those refer to more than one object. These points to things nearby, while those points to things “over there.”
Examples:	These babies have been smiling for a while. These are mine. Those babies in the nursery have been crying for hours. Those are yours.

http://data.grammarbook.com/blog/adjectives-adverbs/thisthatthesethose-demonstrative-adjectives/

Sequence of tenses

Sequence of tenses (known in latin as consecutio temporum, and also known as agreement of tenses, succession of tenses and tense harmony) is a set of grammaticals rules of a particular language, governing the agreement between the tenses of verbs in related clauses or sentences.

A typical context in which rules of sequence of tenses apply is that of indirecet speech. If, at some past time, someone spoke a sentence in a particular tense (say the present tense), and that act of speaking is now being reported, the tense used in the clause that corresponds to the words spoken may or may not be the same as the tense that was used by the original speaker. In some languages the tense tends to be "shifted back", so that what was originally spoken in the present tense is reported using the past tense (since what was in the present at the time of the original sentence is in the past relative to the time of reporting). english is one of the languages in which this often occurs. For example, if someone said "I need a drink", this may be reported in the form "She said she needed a drink", with the tense of the verb need changed from present to past.

The "shifting back" of tense as described in the previous paragraph may be called backshifting or an attracted sequence of tenses. In languages and contexts where such a shift does not occur, there may be said by contrast to be a natural sequence.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_of_tenses

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Elements

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Elements

RESTRICTIVE ELEMENTS

Restrictive elements are word groups that are necessary to retain meaning. They are not set off from the rest of the sentence by commas or other punctuation.

INCORRECT: William Faulkner's novel, Light in August, is my favorite book.

CORRECTED: William Faulkner's novel Light in August is my favorite book.

Because Faulkner has written numerous novels, the writer must specify which one of them he's referring to. Setting the title off with commas would suggest that it could be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence; however, the title is essential for meaning.
For the same reason, restrictive clauses are not set off from the rest of the sentence by commas or other punctuation. These clauses usually begin with that or who.

INCORRECT: To do yoga, I need a shirt, that is loose and comfortable.

CORRECTED: To do yoga, I need a shirt that is loose and comfortable.

In this example, the speaker does not need just any shirt. It must be loose and comfortable. Because the phrase changes the meaning of the word "shirt," the phrase is restrictive. Removing it would change the meaning of the sentence.

NONRESTRICTIVE ELEMENTS

Nonrestrictive elements are groups of words that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Because removing them does not change meaning, nonrestrictive elements can be set off from the rest of the sentence.

CORRECT: I'd like to have more pets, but I only have one cat, Bill.

Because the writer only has one cat, its name just adds extra information. If the name were removed, the reader would still know what cat was being discussed.
For the same reason, nonrestrictive clauses can be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas or other punctuation. These clauses usually begin with which or who.

CORRECT: When I do yoga, I wear my favorite shirt, which is really old.

In this example, the fact that the writer's favorite shirt is old has no bearing on the meaning of the word shirt. It's simply a detail she decided to add. Therefore, it is nonrestrictive. It can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

http://www.swarthmore.edu/writing/restrictive-and-nonrestrictive-elements-0

Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences.

There are only a few relative pronouns in the English language. The most common are which, that, whose, whoever, whomever, who, and whom. In some situations, the words what, when, and where can also function as relative pronouns. Because there are only a few of them, there are also just a few rules for using relative pronouns. Keep them in mind as you write.

• Relative clauses are typically introduced by relative pronouns, and that the relative pronoun can function as a possessive pronoun, an object, or a subject.
• When relative pronouns introduce restrictive relative clauses, no comma is used to separate the restrictive clause from the main clause.
• In American English, the relative pronoun whom is used rarely. You may notice this in conversations, but it is best to use the term when writing to ensure that your work is grammatically correct.

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/relative-pronouns/

Personal pronouns sebagai sebject dan object

Pengertian Personal Pronoun

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We use them depending on:

• number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
• person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)
• gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
• case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)

We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost always use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am talking direct to you, I almost always use "you", not your name. When I am talking about another person, say John, I may start with "John" but then use "he" or "him". And so on.

Personal Pronouns digunakan untuk menggantikan orang tertentu, atau benda. Personal Pronouns penting untuk dipelajari karena merupakan struktur dasar dalam membuat/ merangkai kalimat.

Personal Pronoun adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau suatu hal secara spesifik. Pronoun disebut kata ganti, karena menggantikan penyebutan noun secara berulang. Personal pronoun penting untuk dipelajari karena merupakan pemahaman dasar untuk merangkai kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris.

Personal pronoun adalah kata ganti yang digunakan untuk orang, hewan, benda, atau hal secara spesifik. Bentuk kata ganti ini tergantung pada peran (subject, object, possessive), jumlah, orang ke-, dan gender dari noun yang digantikan. 

Perubahan Bentuk pada Personal Pronoun

Berbeda dengan noun yang memiliki bentuk yang sama ketika berfungsi sebagai subject atau object dan penambahan apostrophe ketika berfungsi sebagai possessive, perubahan pada kata ganti ini mengacu pada beberapa parameter, yaitu:

• case (subjective, objective, & possessive)
• number (singular & plural)
• person (first, second, & third)
• gender (female, male, & neutral)

Perubahan bentuk pada kata ganti ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Number	Person	Case
		Subjective	Objective	Possessive
Singular	1st	I	me	mine
	2nd	you	you	yours
	3rd	she, he, it	her, him, it	hers, his, its
Plural	1st	we	us	ours
	2nd	you	you	yours
	3rd	they	them	theirs

Subjective, Objective, dan Possessive Personal Pronoun

Personal pronoun dapat berfungsi sebagai subject, object, maupun possessive (parameter case). Penjelasan peran dan beberapa contoh kalimat personal pronoun adalah sebagai berikut.

Peran	Contoh Kalimat Personal Pronoun
Subjective personal pronouns (I, you, they, we, she, he, it)
Berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi sebagai subject	He is a politician. (Dia adalah politisi.)
	It is the most delicious cake that I have ever eaten. (Ini kue terlezat yang saya pernah makan.)
Objective personal pronouns (me, you, us, them, her, him, it)
Berarti kata ganti ini dapat berfungsi sebagai: object of a verb object of a compound verb object of a preposition object of infinitive phrase	object of a verb: He lent me two interesting books. (Dia meminjami saya dua buku yang menarik.)
	object of a compound verb: None understands why the man really loves her. (Tak satupun mengerti kenapa pria tersebut mencintai dia.)
	object of a preposition: If only he shared his problem with me. (Seandainya dia membagi masalahnya kepada saya.)
	object of infinitive phrase: Everybody is enthusiastic to help her. (Setiap orang antusias membantunya.)
Possessive personal pronouns (mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, his, its)
Berarti kata ganti ini berfungsi untuk menunjukkan siapa yang memiliki sesuatu dengan menempati posisi sebagai:subject of a sentence atau subject complement.	subject of a sentence: Yours was sent yesterday. (Milikmu dikirim kemarin), Mine is the biggest one. (Punyaku yang terbesar.)
	subject complement: The red and black car is his. (Mobil merah-hitam tsb milik dia.), That is ours. (Itu punya kita.)

Verb + Gerund

No change in meaning 

Gerund or Infinitive (meaning is the same)

VERB + GERUND

Some verbs may be complemented by a gerund or an infinitive verb form without a change in meaning.

I love traveling.

I prefer dunking my doughnuts.

Bob deserves having a day off.

I continue working out everyday.

VERB + INFINITIVE

The choice of a gerund or an infinitive does not change the meaning of the sentence.

I love to travel. (But not – I would love to travel. – which expresses a wish.)

I prefer to dunk my doughnuts.

Bob deserves to have a day off.

I continue to work out everyday.

day off (NP) — a day of vacation

work out (V) — exercise

Gerund or Infinitive (meaning is the same) List

attempt   I attempted to build / building a house.	begin We began   to work / working.	can't bear  I can't bear to leave / leaving you.	can't stand  I can't stand to see / seeing waste.
continue  We continued to work / working all day.	deserve  He deserves to be / being in jail.	hate  I hate to miss / missing my bus.	like  I like to swim / swimming.
love  I love to travel / traveling	prefer  I prefer to walk / walking.	start  She started to cry / crying